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Inside AutoCAD 14

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- 4 -

Organizing Drawings with Layers

by Michael E. Beall

Prior to the use of Computer Aided Design, projects consisted of dozens of mylar and vellum drawings that were ultimately printed or copied and then taken into the field or the shop where they were used in construction of a building project or fabrication of parts. Drawings are still necessary in the construction and fabrication process, but today, the person that initials the "Drawn by" box can more efficiently organize the information formerly drawn on those dozens of sheets by using layers.

Hardly anyone remembers the pin-registered drafting days, but layers essentially stem from the basic process of placing similar information on the same sheet. Multiple layers exist, including layers for the object geometry, dimensions, notes, and the border, among others. This chapter discusses the importance of layers through exercises designed to increase your efficiency in using Release 14. This chapter explores the following topics:

Controlling the Drawing's Layer Features

All objects in AutoCAD have at least three properties: color, layer, and linetype. When you create object geometry in AutoCAD--whether it's a rectangle, circle, text, or a dimension--all objects have a color, a layer assignment, and a linetype. Every drawing can have its own layer structure and configuration, or you can set up a layer configuration in a drawing template for consistency when creating new drawings.

NOTE: For more information on drawing templates, refer to Chapter 2, "Before the Drawing Begins: Planning and Organizing Projects." This chapter covers colors and layers. Linetypes are discussed in Chapter 5, "Using Linetypes Effectively."

Figure 4.1 displays the Layer tab of the Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box with the Details turned on.

Figure 4.1 The Layer tab of the Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box.

If you upgrade to Release 14, you will notice a distinct difference in this dialog box. As you encountered in Chapter 1, "Exploring the New R14 Interface," this dialog box has become totally Windows-compliant, in both the manner in which multiple layers are selected and the process by which layer names are changed. The Layer tab opens when you choose the Layers tool from the Object Properties toolbar.

NOTE: AutoCAD's default layer is 0. Geometry created on layer 0 has unique properties with respect to blocks. When creating new geometry for your project, it is best to create a new layer. For more information on the relationship of layers and blocks, refer to Chapter 12, "Creating and Using Blocks."

In the following exercise, you open 04-HOSP.DWG and use some of the features of the Layer tab. This exercise introduces you to the Layer drop-down list, a component of the Object Properties toolbar that displays the On/Off, Freeze/Thaw, Viewport Freeze/Thaw, and Lock/Unlock icons for controlling the layer display.

CHANGING LAYER VISIBILITY

1. Open the drawing 04-HOSP.DWG (see fig. 4.2) located in the folder containing the sample drawings from the accompanying CD.

Figure 4.2 The 04-HOSP drawing.

2. Click on the Layer drop-down list on the Object Properties toolbar displaying Walls as the current layer and turn on the layer Plumbing. Then press Enter and the drawing will redraw to display the objects on the Plumbing layer.

3. From the Layer drop-down list, freeze the Rm-name layer (pick the sun icon), and then press Enter.

4. Choose the Layers tool from the Object Properties toolbar to display the Layer tab of the Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box.

5. Select the Border layer and then drag the scroll box down, hold Ctrl, and select the Text layer to effectively select them both.

6. Freeze the Text layer and then scroll up to ensure that the Border layer has been frozen as well. Then click on OK.

7. Choose Erase from the top of the Modify toolbar, and then select the text Third Floor at 1, as shown in figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3a The pick point to select the text on the Title layer.
Figure 4.3b

8. Enter LA at the command line to open the Layer tab. Then from the Show drop-down list, select All unused to display the Roof and Title layers.

9. Right-click (Enter button on the mouse) in an open area of the layer list to display the two-item selection menu shown in figure 4.4.

10. Click on Select All to select both layers, and then click on Delete to delete the unused layers from the list.

11. Select All from the Show drop-down list to display all remaining layers, and then click on OK.

12. Choose Save to save the drawing.

Figure 4.4 The selection menu available in the Layer tab.

As you experienced in the previous exercise, it's very easy to control the various features of the drawing's layers. This flexibility is of critical importance as you work on drawings with a large amount of layers and AutoCAD has made some marked improvements in layer management tools with each new release. In the next section, you will learn more about specifying colors for new or existing layers.

Creating and Assigning a Color to New Layers

The process by which layers are created and manipulated gets easier with each release of AutoCAD. In Release 13, the color assignment of a layer was not editable within the layer list as it is in Release 14. The renaming of a layer has been enhanced by virtue of the Windows-compliant interface used within other applications for the renaming of files. And the most impressive layer feature is the ability to delete a layer with nothing on it, as you saw in the previous exercise.

Another advantage within the Layer tab is the Details section of features, which enables you to make selections for color and linetype from drop-down lists as presented in the following overview:

The remaining check boxes in the Details group are equivalent to the icon toggles found in the layer listing of the Layer tab and the Layer drop-down list in the Object Properties toolbar.

An Object's Color Property Assignment

When assigning a color property for objects, the most efficient and intuitive approach is to use the default setting of ByLayer. This simply means that the color of the geometry is determined by the layer on which it's drawn. Creating objects on a layer that's blue, for example, produces blue objects. To assign another color property would be to explicitly set the color of new objects without regard for the layer on which they are created. This leads to confusion for all involved in working on the drawing.

In the following exercise, you will rename an existing layer, create a new layer, and assign a color to that layer.

RENAMING AND CREATING LAYERS

1. Continue from the previous exercise and choose the Layers tool from the Object Properties toolbar to display the Layer tab of the Layer & Linetype Properties dialog box.

Confirm the Layer tab displays the Details features.

2. Select the Border layer, and then scroll down and press Ctrl. Now select the Text layer.

3. Click off the Freeze in all viewports check box to thaw those two layers.

4. Click on New to add an edit box to the layer list and display Layer1 for the new layer name, as shown in figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5 The default new layer name is Layer1.

5. Type EVAC for the new layer name, and then press Enter.

6. From the Color drop-down list in the Details section, select one of the named colors for the Evac layer.

7. Scroll up and select the Border layer in the list, and then choose the magenta swatch under the Color column (yours may display C... ) to open the Select Color dialog box shown in figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6 Select a new color for the Border layer in the Select Color dialog box.

8. Select a new color from the Full Color Palette, and then click on OK.

9. Scroll down and select the Text layer. Double-click the Name layer in the Details section, and change the layer name to Title_block_text. Now click on OK.

10. Choose Named views from the Standard toolbar to display the View Control dialog box, and choose Evac from the list. Then choose Restore, OK to display the view shown in figure 4.7.

11. From the Layer Control drop-down list, scroll up and select the layer Evac to set this layer as the current layer.

12. Choose Draw, Polyline from the pull-down menus, and then pick 1, as shown in figure 4.7. You will see the following prompt for the PLINE command:

Current line-width is 0'-0"
Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<Endpoint of line>:

13. Enter W for the Width option, and the following prompt will appear:

Starting width <0'-0">:

14. Enter 12 for the starting width, and then press Enter to accept the default of <1'-0"> for the ending width.

Figure 4.7 The evacuation line appears in the restored EVAC view.

15. Pick the points at 2 and 3, and then enter W to make an arrowhead by changing the width.

16. Enter 30 for the Starting width and enter 0 for the ending width.

17. Pick 4 and press Enter to end the command and complete the polyline.

18. Choose Save to save the drawing.

To more fully understand the importance of setting the color property for objects to ByLayer, in the following exercise you create another evacuation line. In this exercise, you create the object on the Walls layer in the color of the Evac layer. When you are finished, it will appear as though the new polyline is on the Evac layer, but you will then come to realize that it will not be frozen with the other evacuation line.

UNDERSTANDING THE LAYER COLOR PROPERTY

1. Continue from the previous exercise and use the Layer drop-down list to set Walls to be the current layer.

2. From the Color drop-down list, which currently displays ByLayer, select Red.

3. Choose Named views from the Standard toolbar to display the View Control dialog box and choose EAST-HALL from the list. Then choose Restore, OK to display the view shown in figure 4.8.

4. Choose Draw, Polyline from the pull-down menus. Then pick 1 and enter W for the Width option.

5. Enter 12 for the starting width, and then press Enter to accept the default of <1'-0"> for the ending width.

Figure 4.8 The evacuation line in the east-hall view.

6. Pick the points at 2 and 3. Then enter W to make an arrowhead by changing the width.

7. Enter 30 for the Starting width, and then enter 0 for the ending width.

8. Pick 4, and then press Enter to end the command and complete the polyline.

9. Use the Named view tool again to open the View Control dialog box and Restore the view ALL.

10. From the layer drop-down list, freeze the Evac layer, and then press Enter to see that the evacuation line drawn in the east hall is still visible.

The combination of a layer scheme with varying colors and the use of color ByLayer makes it easier for both the beginner and the veteran AutoCAD user to make sure new objects are being created on the proper layer.

NOTE: Objects take less storage space if the color is ByLayer because AutoCAD doesn't need to store the color with the object.

Modifying an Object's Properties

As stated at the beginning of this chapter, all objects contain three properties: layer, color, and linetype. As you have seen in the chapter exercises so far, the color assigned to the layer affects the color of the objects drawn on that layer. This is because the color value is set to ByLayer rather than an explicit color. To follow the logic, if the color property for an object is set to ByLayer and you change the layer of an object, the color of the object will also change.

The previous exercise resulted in a situation in which the color property of an existing object must be modified in order to have color consistency within the drawing.

The Properties tool on the Object Properties toolbar serves a dual function. If you select a single object to modify, an object-specific dialog box appears, much like the one shown in figure 4.9, which displays the properties for the evacuation Polyline. If you select a single object, AutoCAD provides edit and data fields specific to that object.

Figure 4.9 The Modify Polyline dialog box displays the properties for this object.

If two or more objects are selected when using the Properties tool, the Change Properties dialog box shown in figure 4.10 is displayed. In this case, only the common properties are displayed. The property changed in the Change Properties dialog box is applied to all objects selected, the selection set.

Figure 4.10 The Change Properties dialog box displays only common properties.

Release 14 brings several new routines to the property-related assortment of features. Two of the new tools are Make Object's Layer Current and Match Properties. These tools intuitively automate the changing of the current layer and the modification of any of the object's existing properties. The Match Properties tool enables you to match some or all the properties from a source object and apply them to a destination object. If you want to match only some of the properties, you can select the desired properties from the Property Settings dialog box shown in figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11 The Property Settings dialog box enables you to match properties of two objects.

Two other less obvious approaches to changing object properties is that of editing an object's property from within the Layer Control and Color Control drop-down lists on the Object Properties toolbar. This method will be referred to as "toolbar editing" of the object properties. In the following exercise, you will use toolbar editing to economize the property modification processes.

UPDATING THE LAYER PROPERTY

1. Continue from the previous exercise and choose Zoom Previous from the Standard toolbar to return to the east-hall view.

2. Click on the edge of the evacuation polyline to display the object grips, as well as its layer property (Walls) in Layer Control.

3. From the Layer Control drop-down list, thaw the Evac layer, and then select the Evac layer name to change the layer property of the polyline. The drawing will regenerate because a layer was thawed.

4. While the polyline is still selected, select ByLayer from the Color Control drop-down list to change the color property for the polyline.

5. Restore the view WEST-HALL, and then change the color property back to ByLayer by using the Color drop-down list currently displaying Red.

In the next sequence of steps, you will use the Make Object's Layer Current tool to easily set the current layer. You also will use Match Properties to match the existing layer property to that of another object.

6. Choose the Match Properties tool from the Object Properties toolbar. The following prompt will appear:

Select Source Object:

7. Pick a line on the stairs at 1 in figure 4.12. This next prompt will appear:

Current active settings = color layer ltype ltscale thickness text dim hatch

Settings/<Select Destination Object(s)>:

8. Enter S to display the Property Settings dialog box and view the available properties that can be matched to the source object.

9. Click on OK to close the dialog box. Then select the elevator rectangle and press Enter to apply the properties from the selected source object.

Figure 4.12 Updating the current layer and adding the elevator lines.

10. To quickly set the current layer to Stairs-elev, choose Make Object's Layer Current at the left end of the Object Properties toolbar. The following prompt will appear:

Select object whose layer will become current:

11. Select the elevator rectangle. The Layer drop-down list will change to display the Stairs-elev as the current layer.

12. Choose Line from the Draw toolbar, and then double-click OSNAP on the Status bar to open the Osnap Settings dialog box.

13. Choose Endpoint from the Select Settings grouping, and then click on OK to return to the drawing.

14. Pick 2 and 3 to create the first line, and then press Enter.

15. Press the spacebar to re-issue the LINE command. Pick 4 and 5 to add the second line, and then press Enter and save the drawing.

TIP: For quick access to an extensive layer list in the Layer tab, the Home key instructs AutoCAD to go to and highlight the layer name at the top of the listing's available layer names. Press the End key and AutoCAD goes to and highlights the layer at the end of the listing. The Page Up key highlights the layer name at the top of the displayed list--continue pressing the Page Up key to scroll up one page at a time through the listing. Page Down acts in the same manner as Page Up, although this command highlights the layer at the bottom of the displayed list.

Locking Layers

When editing a drawing with multiple layers, you probably will mistakenly select objects that you don't want to edit. The ability to lock layers enables you to display the geometry on a critically relevant layer without selecting any objects created or inserted on that layer. Although objects on a locked layer are not selectable for edit commands, they can be snapped to using an object snap.

In the following exercise, you will lock several layers pertaining to the floorplan. You also will use the MOVE command to relocate the stairs in the EAST-HALL view.

LOCKING THE LAYER PROPERTY

1. Continue from the previous exercise and use the Named Views icon off the Standard toolbar to display the View Control dialog box to restore the EAST-HALL view.

2. Choose Layers from the Object Properties toolbar to display the Layer tab.

3. Select Doors from the layer list. Then press Ctrl and select Equip, Evac, and Walls at the bottom of the list.

4. From the Details grouping, select the Lock check box to lock the selected layers. Then click on OK to return to the drawing.

5. Choose Move from the Modify toolbar and pick 1 and 2, as shown in figure 4.13. This places a crossing window around stair geometry. (Notice the prompt regarding locked layers.)

6. Press Enter to complete the selection. Then type -12,0 and press Enter twice to move the stair geometry in the negative X direction 12 inches.

7. Choose Save to save the drawing.

Figure 4.13 Selecting an area containing locked layers.

The locking of layers is most useful when working on drawings in which you simply need to see the geometry on a layer for reference with respect to any additional objects you may create, or in the case of the preceding exercise, edits on the existing drawing.

In the following section, you learn about another feature that enables you to specify the layer names displayed in the layer list from the Layer Control drop-down list, as well as in the Layer tab.

Setting a Layer Filter

As you have worked through this chapter, you have had the opportunity to scroll through a layer list to get to the layer you want to turn on or freeze. The 04-HOSP drawing that you have worked on is a relatively small drawing with only 24 layers. In this next section, you will encounter the concept of layer filters and the Release 14 Show drop-down list.

The layer filter features are particularly useful to those of you who would like to reduce the number of layers listed in the Layer Control drop-down list and the Layer tab. Although the power of these features is most evident when implemented with drawings that have dozens of layers, you can witness its capabilities with the hospital drawing.

Displaying a Filtered Layer List

Several items in the Show drop-down list at the top of the Layer tab enable you to shorten the displayed list of layers. Keep in mind that the selected layer filter does not turn layers off or freeze them; it simply removes them from the layer listing. The following list details the capabilities of the items on the Show drop-down list.

In the following exercise, you will create a few new layers. You also will use the Show drop-down list to modify the display of the layer list using the available options.

USING THE SHOW DROP-DOWN LIST TO LIMIT THE DISPLAYED LAYERS

1. Continue from the previous exercise and use the Named Views tool from the Standard toolbar to display the View Control dialog box and restore the view named ALL.

2. Enter -LAYER to issue the command-line version of the LAYER command. The following prompt will appear:

-LAYER ?/Make/Set/New/ON/OFF/Color/Ltype/Freeze/Thaw/Lock/Unlock:

3. Enter N for the New option to create several new layers at once. The following prompt will appear:

New layer name(s):

4. Enter the following new layer names:

Furn-existing, Furn-demo, Furn-new

5. Press Enter to return to the LAYER command options, and press Enter again to end the command.

6. Choose the Layers tool to open the Layer tab and view the addition of the three new layers to the layer listing.

7. Because nothing has been drawn on these layers, choose All in use from the Show drop-down listing to see the new layers removed from the listing.

8. To invert the alphabetic listing of layers, click once on the Name heading bar at the top of the listing. The list will begin with the Walls layer.

9. To display only those layers on which nothing has been drawn, choose All unused from the Show drop-down list to display the three new layers.

10. To display all layers in the hospital drawing, choose All from the Show drop-down list, and then click on OK.

As you can no doubt appreciate, abbreviated layer lists are very convenient for quick access to only those layers with which you will be working. In the following section, you review the more specific options of the Set Layer Filters dialog box.

Using a Layer Filter to Isolate Layer Display

For drawings with a more extensive layer list, the Show drop-down list may prove to be ineffective. The Set Layer Filters dialog box shown in figure 4.14 provides a more extensive toolset for specifying which layers will be displayed in the layer list.

Figure 4.14 The Set Layer Filters dialog box offers more tools to specify the layers included in the layer list.

Contrary to the other features found in the Show drop-down list, the Set Layer Filters dialog box enables you to specify criteria for the layer names seen in the list, not the layer names you want to filter out of the list.

In the following exercise, you will change some layer names in order to create similar prefixes for similar layer content. You also will use the Set Layer Filter dialog box to configure the layer-name list for the hospital drawing.

SETTING A LAYER-NAME FILTER

1. Continue from the previous exercise and choose the Layers tool to open the Layer tab. Then choose Set Filter Dialog from the Show drop-down list.

2. Choose On from the On/Off drop-down list and Thawed from the Freeze/Thaw drop-down list. Then click on OK to display only those layers that are on or thawed in the layer-name list.

3. Open the Set Layer Filter dialog box again and choose Reset, then OK.

4. Select the Lights layer name. In the Details section, double-click on the Name edit box to change the layer name to Lt-fixtures. Perform the same operation for the Plumbing layer, changing it to Pl-fixtures. Then open the Set Layer Filters dialog box again.

5. Enter pl*,lt* in the Layer Names edit box, and click on OK to display only those groupings of layer names.

6. Select All from the Show drop-down list to display all the layer names, and then click on OK.

The setting of a layer filter is a different method of abbreviating the length of the layer list. The method you use, selections from the Show drop-down list, or the use of the Set Layer Filters dialog box will be determined by your application.

Selecting Objects by Layer Using an Object Filter

When presenting AutoCAD training to users across the country, instructors frequently encounter situations in which an outside contractor provides a company with a drawing that contains layers that aren't essential to the project. In these situations, certain objects within the drawing must be erased. To simplify the drawing, objects should be selected based upon the layer on which they exist before any layers are deleted from the listing.

NOTE: The object filter routine is covered more extensively in Chapter 10, "Basic Object Editing." However, the application in which objects are selected by layers will be immediately applicable to many readers when using Release 14.

By using a filter, you can specify criteria by which Release 14 filters the drawing objects to build the selection set. In the example just mentioned, a filter is built to enable AutoCAD to select objects that meet this criteria. The Object Selection Filters dialog box, shown in figure 4.15, displays the settings used in selecting objects based on the layers.

NOTE: Objects on layers that are locked or frozen will not be selected. However, it is not necessary for the layers to be on for objects on those layers to be selected.

Figure 4.15 The Object Selection Filters dialog box displays the settings used to select objects within layers.

The drop-down list in the Select Filter area of the dialog box lists all AutoCAD's named objects and other criteria by which a filter can be built. In the previously mentioned scenario in which there are unwanted layers on a drawing, a filter would be built containing the layers having objects on them that are to be erased. In the following exercise, you open a drawing containing some of the layer names that adhere to the convention established by the task force. You then will apply a filter for the objects to be erased when prompted to select the objects.

APPLYING A FILTER

1. Open the drawing VLAYER-01.DWG, located in the sample directory of the accom- panying CD.

2. Enter -LA to issue the command-line version of the LAYER command.

3. To quickly turn on all the layers of the drawing, enter ON. The following prompt will appear:

Layer name(s) to turn On <>:

4. Enter * to select all layers and then press Enter twice. The drawing will redraw with all layers on, as shown in figure 4.16.

Figure 4.16 The VLAYER-01 drawing with all layers on.

5. Choose Erase from the top of the Modify toolbar. Enter FILTER to open the Object Selection Filters dialog box when prompted to select objects.

6. From the drop-down list displaying Arc as the current item, scroll down and select Layer.

7. Click on the Select button to open the Select Layer(s) dialog box shown in figure 4.17.

Figure 4.17 The Select Layer(s) dialog box is used with object filters.

8. Choose the layers A-CLNG-ELEV, A-CLNG-GRID, and A-CLNG-TRAC. Then scroll down and select the layer A-ROOF-OTLN-NOTE and click on OK.

9. Choose Add to List.

10. Choose Apply to close the Object Selection Filters dialog box and return to the Select Objects: prompt.

11. Type ALL to select all objects on layers that are not locked or frozen. Then press Enter twice. The following message will appear:

2416 found

2144 were filtered out

12. Press Enter a third time to erase the selection set.

13. Now that no more objects exist on these four layers, choose the Layers tool to open the Layer tab.

14. Select A-CLNG-ELEV, then press and hold Shift and select A-CLNG-TRAC to select these three layers.

15. Scroll down, then press Ctrl and select the A-ROOF-OTLN-NOTE. Choose Delete to delete the layers from the list.

16. Choose Save to save the drawing.

The previous exercise instructed you on how to add a layer to the object selection filter criteria. In this example, if you did not know the names of the layers you wanted to include in the criteria, you simply used the LIST command (Tools, Inquiry, List) to ascertain the layer on which an object was created. Once that step was completed, you knew which layers to add to the criteria list.

Standardizing Layer Names

Whether you're the only person working on AutoCAD in your company or one of a few dozen, establishing standard layer names can increase your efficiency in layer management. As you might have encountered already, companies typically exchange CAD files to reduce duplication of work. In doing so, one of the first concerns checked is the presence of consistent layering. If layers are not consistent, the recipient might consider the drawing to be of poor quality based on the state of the layering alone.

The previous section on layer filters discussed the benefit of implementing a similar prefix for layers relating to the lighting and plumbing geometry. In the late 1980s, the Task Force on CAD-Layer Guidelines was formed to establish a consistent layer-naming convention and hierarchy. This task force is sponsored by several professional and government organizations, including American Consulting Engineers Council, American Institute of Architects, International Facility Management Association, American Society of Civil Engineers, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The task force is dedicated to improving layering consistency in CAD drawing production.

NOTE: To make these guidelines easily accessible to the AutoCAD user, Berry Systems, Inc., in Louisville, KY, has developed Visual LAYER, which enables you to implement this layering structure as well as integrate layering into existing drawings. The company's customers have found that Visual LAYER puts layer standards in a familiar and descriptive format and then makes them electronically transferable between companies. This ultimately makes business activities with these companies more productive and also ensures that the final CAD product is more consistent. A working version of the Visual LAYER product exists on the accompanying CD.

Release 14 does not provide a method by which the current layer properties and settings can be saved to a file. However, the Visual LAYER product found on the accompanying CD does enable you to save the current layer configuration to a file.

Summary

AutoCAD veterans who extensively utilize layering, even through recent versions of the software, will appreciate the improvements made in the layering tools of Release 14. Those of you just joining the ranks also will appreciate AutoCAD's compliance with the Windows 95/NT operating systems in the methods by which layers are selected, created, managed, and modified. The key concept to remember when working with layers is that the layer displayed in the drop-down list window on the Object Properties toolbar is the layer on which new geometry will be created. Also remember that you can see the objects that have been created on all the layers on the drawing if the layer(s) are on and thawed. In earlier versions of AutoCAD, the differences between freezing a layer and turning off a layer were rather significant. Release 14's treatment of these two layer settings is now virtually identical, so simply freezing a layer to render it invisible serves as the most effective method.

Companies interested in developing or implementing a consistent layer-naming convention should consider the Visual LAYER product introduced at Autodesk University in Chicago in 1996. This product efficiently automates an office standard and contains the layer-naming structure set forth by the Task Force on CAD-Layer Guidelines.

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